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Introducing tree “node elevation” to replace both “node depth and “node height”.

Posted on December 21, 2020 Written by david

A tree’s nodes may be assigned a depth and a height. If you would like to brush up on these concepts, then baeldung.com has a great explainer article Difference Between Tree Depth and Height. The difference may be summarised as

Measure	Measures what? The height difference between the node and the most distant member of the zero-reference set:
node depth	root node
node height	leaf nodes

What is the differentiator between the two measures?

Notice that the definitions of depth and height differ only in which is the zero-reference level for the measurement.

The weakness of current terminology is in two aspects:

calling the measures ‘depth’ and ‘height’ hides the essential difference between them which is the chosen zero-reference node(s) set.
there are other possible zero-reference sets (example below) and for all of these other zero-reference sets some nodes will be above the zero-reference (higher or positive elevation) and some nodes will be below the zero-reference (lower or deeper).

Relationship between Height, Depth and Elevation

Elevation is a single scale that incorporates both height and depth. Height is positive, and depth is negative with respect to a zero-reference level. This is shown in the following geographic example.

Colour three-dimensional regional elevation image of the northern Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba.

The zero reference (black line) is sea-level with the highest land at 600m and the deepest water at 700m. This corresponds to elevations between +600m (land height) and -700m (water depth).

Elevation from …

This article argues for replacing node depth and node height with the following:

Existing measure	Elevation from …
height (+ive)	Elevation from Leaves (+ive)
depth (+ive)	Elevation from Root (-ive)

The definition of elevation is exactly as currently defined for height and depth, with the exception that the sign of an elevation below the zero-reference level will be negative.

Other zero-reference levels

Defining elevation in this way allows us to consider other zero-reference levels in a tree. Here is a practical example taken from the domain of Project Management. The tree represents the project Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).

**Project Management WBS.**
‘A’ and ‘B’ are Summary Elements. ‘C’ and ‘K’ are Planning Packages. ‘D’ and ‘H’ are Work Packages with activities associated with them. And ‘E’, ‘F’, ‘G’, ‘I’ and ‘J’ are Activities.

The set of nodes {C, D, H, and K} are the leaf nodes in the WBS and form an interesting zero-reference level for the tree. Let’s call this the “WBS Leaves” zero-reference set.

Here are the Root, Leaves, and WBS Leaves elevations for all nodes:

Node	Root Elevation	WBS Leaves Elevation	Leaves Elevation
A	0	2	3
B	-1	1	2
C	-2	0	0
D	-2	0	1
E	-3	-1	0
F	-3	-1	0
G	-3	-1	0
H	-2	0	1
I	-3	-1	0
J	-3	-1	0
K	-1	0	0

Elevations for each node

This zero-reference level is useful in Project Management because it allows us to give precise definitions for commonly used terms:

The WBS consists of all nodes with a non-negative “WBS Leaves” Elevation.
Summary Elements may be defined as nodes with “WBS Leaves” Elevation greater than zero.
Work Packages may be defined as nodes with “WBS Leaves” Elevation of 0 and “Leaves” Elevation of 1.
Planning Packages may be defined as nodes with “WBS Leaves” Elevation of 0 and “Leaves” Elevation of 0.
Activities may be defined as nodes with “WBS Leaves” Elevation of -1 and “Leaves” Elevation of 0.

Filed Under: Graph Theory, Project Management

Finalist!

Posted on May 16, 2020 Written by david

Celebrating Australian Underwater Running being chosen as a finalist in ABC RN Sporty program’s “Invent-a-sport” competition! Here is the award broadcast starting around 6:20 the conversation is between host, Amanda Smith (AS), and judges Liz Ellis(LE), Titus O’Reily(TO):

AS: Next of the six finalists in the Invent-a-Sport competition, being judged here by Liz Ellis, Titus O’Reily and me, Amanda Smith is Underwater Running. It comes from David Pratten in Brunswick Heads on the New South Wales, North Coast. Titus, why did this one appeal?

TO: Well, I did like the videos and demonstration that came with it, and I just like the idea of watching people run underwater is amusing in itself.

AS: Well, I think this one you can do either in a pool and when the pool is too deep you run along the sides of the pool, flapping your hands. Or you can do it in shallow water as you mentioned. David has in this entry also submitted a video, he’s also got a mascot for his sport; he’s got this is all on a website too that he has constructed. I should say he’s included some tips on technique and world record attempts. What do you think of this one Liz?

LE: This gave me the heebies! I’m going to admit.

AS: Yes, it was really Titus and I who wanted this on the shortlist.

LE: It’s it’s a little bit too much like water polo. I played water polo once, and once only, because I couldn’t cope with trying to catch a ball and someone dragging me under the water. So this sort of harks back to a little bit of that, so it wasn’t my cup of tea. I have to admit I love the creativity in this. I love that David made a whole website for it. It just got my heart racing a little too much.

Filed Under: Underwater Running

Introducing Australian Underwater Running (AUR)

Posted on April 24, 2020 Written by david

This is David Pratten’s entry into the ABC’s April, 2020 Invent a brand new sport and win a prize competition.

Lets get ready for a post-COVID-19 world! When its time to come out and play, try Australian Underwater Running (AUR)!

Play this video for a quick introduction to running underwater using a uniquely Australian style.

Australian Underwater Running can also be practiced at home

Click here for other AUR demonstrations.

Benefits of Australian Underwater Running (AUR)

Australian Underwater Running provides at least the following benefits

low bar to entry,
requires minimal equipment,
suitable for all ages,
aerobic resistance training,
improves water safety, and
improves physical and spiritual wellbeing through breathholding.

What distinguishes AUR from other forms of Underwater Running?

In other parts of the world, where underwater running is known, there are a variety of styles. Some exhale before running, some carry rocks, some dive to sufficient depth to temporarily collapse their lungs and some depend on starting with a very low BMI. (See Underwater Running Survey article for videos.)

In contrast, the Australian style:

is run with a lung-full of air,
leaves the rocks where they are,
may be done in shallow water and best of all, ….
is open to all of us irrespective of our BMI!

AUR Competitions

There are two variants of competitive AUR. In both variants the athlete uses a single breath. The race is either a dash or for distance.

Dash: Each competitor runs 15m competing to reach, and grab, the mark, or
Distance: Each competitor runs as far as possible along a straight path and drops a place-mark.

Where can AUR meets be held?

To hold an Australian Underwater Running meet, all that is required is an olympic-sized pool, estuary, bay or ocean location with:

clear water,
surfaces ripples but no waves,
a flat bottom without obstructions,
no current, or minimal current, and
between 1m and 2m in depth, and lastly
good positions for spectators.

For example here is an ideal high-tide location for an AUR meet on the Brunswick River, NSW right next-door to Byron Bay.

AUR Equipment

For the competitor, all that is required is a:

swimming costume, and
Optionally:
- goggles (depending on your comfort opening your eyes underwater)
- swimming booties or shoes (depending on conditions)

For distance races, each competitor also needs a place-marker object which is slighly heavier than water. This object is velcroed to the runner’s swimming costume or belt and this is dropped to mark the distance achieved.

For the course, all that is required is:

a weighted rope tied in a kite shape with the curved section being 15m from the central point,
a brightly coloured mark on the central point that is floating 20cm off the bottom at the centre of the the kite shape.

Underwater running courses marked out with orange rope and
underwater floating (removable) orange buoy.

For Dash races, competitors start together on the curved baseline (left above) and run underwater and grab the Mark (orange buoy).

For Distance races, competitors run one-by-one. Each runner starts in the centre of the baseline with their place-mark velcroed to their swimmers. The runner then drops their mark next to the “kite’s tail” when they need to surface for air. In the photo above you can just make out the dark coloured place-mark dropped by a competitor.

Current Record Holder

At the current time, David Pratten holds both Australian Underwater Running titles:

15m Dash
Distance 26m.

Dispite the author’s attempts, his AUR records have not yet been recognised by the Guiness Book of World Records.

AUR Mascot

Meet Finney the mascot of Australian Underwater Running!

*ID 148117055 © Alexey Martynov | Dreamstime.com*

The pectoral fins are emphasised because the AUR runner’s hand motion closely resembles that of the pectoral fins of fish.

AUR Growth Potential

Australian Underwater Running is likely to become a great addition to the activities at local swimming pools and Surf Lifesaving Clubs. There are many reasons for this. The barriers to entry are very low. Participants may practice in their own backyard pools. The skill learnt gives confidence in the water.

Underwater running is a great skill for body-surfers. The sure footing on the sand allows fast movement against a sweep, rip, or other current.

As, well, there are many spectator-friendly, areas of natural sand flats that are not currently utilised for water sports.

A professional circuit for Underwater Runners is likely to take some time to develop. Perhaps the emergence over time of the Pro Surfing tours could provide a roadmap?

AUR is ready with a fun and relatable mascot to support marketing.

Learning AUR

Australian Underwater Running may be learned in about twenty minutes by any confident swimmer. The author has taught many family members to run using this style.

“My first foray into underwater running was a most hilarious affair… the naturally gifted athletes in our family quickly learning the technique .. and others like me provided some welcome light relief ..” Jenny

AUR Technique

When using the Australian style there are two forces that keep the runner on the bottom of the course. The two sources of downforce are:

water deflected off the runner’s back and
the runner’s fishfin-like flutter of the hands.

Theory of the Brunswick style. Two sources of downforce.

For further information

Filed Under: Underwater Running

Applied Category Theory

Posted on October 7, 2019 Written by david

Recently I reached out to Simon Willerton about applying Category Theory to Project Management models, here is the response.

Putting Project Management models on a sound footing.

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Hi Simon,

Thanks for your article on the Project Management Schedule Network as a category. Category theory may have a broader role in putting project management models on a sound footing.

If we include the Work Breakdown Stucture into the model, a central issue is maintaining coherence between the Schedule Network view (as discussed in your article above) and the Work Breakdown Structure view of the same activity.

… schedule activities participate in both the WBS tree structure (“leaf” nodes under the work packages) and in the schedule network (network nodes). The schedule activities are the “atoms” from which both the WBS tree structure and the schedule network are built. This means that the WBS and schedule network are maps of the same territory, and should, therefore be coherent. However, this observation is at wide variance to the experience of many project managers. Keys for Agile Co-Evolution of the WBS and Schedule Network: The “Schedule Network 100 Percent” Rule and the “Add and Prune Dependencies” Algorithm David Pratten, PMP – February 5, 2016

The initial step of converting the WBS to a Coherent Schedule Network looks like a functor: WBS to Coherent Schedule Network Functor

My intuition is that sequencing by adding dependencies and pruning while preserving coherence with the WBS is also a functor but I am less certain of that. Add Dependencies and preserve coherence with WBS

Ken Scrambler’s Lambda Jam 2019 – Applied Category Theory talk has inspired.

Are you aware of work going on in applying category theory to project management modelling?

David

Posted by: David Pratten on September 1, 2019 11:18 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

Re: Putting Project Management models on a sound footing.

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Apologies for my rather tardy response, David. This certainly looks interesting, although I am quite ignorant of the vast majority of project management notions.

I don’t know of any work going on applying category theory to project management modelling at the moment. I know that a couple of (applied) category theorists have expressed interest in this to me, but I think they are working on various other things at the moment, as am I. My hope is to think seriously about this in a year or two when I’ve managed to get other projects off my plate.

Posted by: Simon Willerton on October 6, 2019 10:03 PM | Permalink | Reply to this

Filed Under: Other, Project Management

A relational language – Parasat

Posted on March 18, 2019 Written by david

I am impressed by the logic language Picat and a recent presentation by Peter Alvaro “Three Things I Wish I Knew When I Started Designing Languages“.

Update 3: November 2022. The language MiniZinc turns out to fulfill the goals of Parasat language. Among its many features the one that stands out when comparing with the goal of Parasat is that MiniZinc adopts relational semantics in the sense that I pointed to below. For the details see the 2009 paper The Proper Treatment of Undefinedness in Constraint Languages by Stuckey and Frisch and the 2013 MiniZinc with Functions by Stuckey and Tack.

Update 2: William Byrd (@webyrd) the author of miniKanren recommended that I use the faster-miniKanren implementation for exploring relational programming. He also recommended this paper: A unified approach to solving seven programming problems (functional pearl) Here is a quote from the paper that illuminates the intent of the Parasat language described below, but using miniKanren terminology: “These interpreters are written as relations in the constraint logic programming language miniKanren. Each interpreter relates two arguments: an expression expr to be evaluated, and the value val to which expr evaluates. These arguments may be only partially complete, containing logic variables representing unknown parts. Our miniKanren implementation will use constraint solving and search to fill in the logic variables with expressions and values consistent with the semantics of Racket. By placing logic variables representing unknowns in different positions within the expr and val arguments we can express a wide range of interesting queries, which provides the flexibility needed to solve the variety of challenges we pose.”

Update 1: Feedback on the Picat Google Group drew attention to the similarities with the ideas in this article with the motivation and goals of miniKanren.

I learned Prolog while at university in the early 80’s and its been refreshing to learn Picat, a language that builds on the Prolog tradition and Datalog, a simplification of Prolog.

At university I was surprised, and disappointed, by the distance between the predicates of mathematical logic and those of Prolog. For example the Prolog interpreter was unable to give the answer

X=1.454545, Y= 4.9090909

to the simultaneous equations 3x + 4y=24 and 5x + 3y=22 expressed in Prolog as this predicate:

simultaneous(X,Y) :- times(3,X,ThreeX),times(4,Y,FourY), plus(ThreeX,
FourY, PlusThreeXFourY),equals(PlusThreeXFourY,24), 
times(5,X,FiveX),times(3,Y,ThreeY), plus(FiveX, ThreeY,
PlusFourXThreeY),equals( PlusFourXThreeY ,22)

With the advances made by Picat, I am inspired to rekindle my dream of an ‘ideal’ predicate-based language. Lets call this language Parasat.

Parasat (Kazakh language) means intellect or understanding.
glosb.com definition, google translate definition

Assumed knowledge. This post assumes that the reader has a basic familiarity with Prolog, Datalog and Picat programming languages and with predicates, logic programming and constraint programming.

To a first approximation, Parasat is Picat with:

all predicates required to be bi-directional (unless a parameter is constrained as “Free”
all syntactic forms mapped back to predicates
the constraint solver folded back into the predicate-based core of the language

Parasat has the following three high level features:

Predicates are reversible and encapsulate the relation among all parameters. All predicate parameters are both input and output
Everything is a predicate, irrespective of surface form. In other words, all language features are syntactic sugar for predicates. This includes type declarations, formulas, relations, functions and constraints,
“plug and play” search strategies. Solutions are found by heuristically and transparently applying a “plug and play” range of predicate satisfaction, predicate decomposition and search strategies including pattern matching, unification with backtracking and constraint solving.

At the present time Parasat is an idea for a language. This article sketches out these three language features.

Predicates are reversible.

Parasat’s reversible predicates encapsulate the relation among predicate parameters. This enables the unification of otherwise diverse functions. For example in Parasat, powers, logarithms and roots are all unified in this predicate:

pow(X,Y,XpowY): if X,Y, and XpowY are instantiated, returns true if
 X**Y==XpowY, false otherwise. If one of the variables is not instantiated
 then it is instantiated to the missing value.  If two or more of the parameters are not instantiated then the instantiation of the free parameters is delegated to the constraint solver.

More specific predicates may be defined using “<=>”, which reads as “may be mutually defined as”. These derived predicates are also reversible.

 exp(X,eraisedtothepowerX) <=> pow(X=e, Y=X, XpowY=eraisedtothepowerX)
 sqrt(X,SqrtX) <=> pow(X=SqrtX ,Y=2,XpowY=X)
 sqr(X,SqrX) <=> pow(X=X, Y=2, XpowY=SqrX)
 log(X,LogtothebaseeofX) <=> pow(X=e, Y=LogtothebaseeofX, XpowY=X)
 log(B,X, LogtothebaseBofX) <=> pow(X=B, Y=LogtothebaseBofX,XpowY=X)
 log10(X,Logtothebase10ofX) <=> pow(X=10,Y=Logtothebase10ofX,XpowY=X)
 log2(X,Logtothebase2ofX) <=> pow(X=2,Y=Logtothebase2ofX,XpowY=X)

As you can see from the examples above, Parasat uses named parameters.

Naturally, in the same way addition and subtraction may be unified by the addedto/3 predicate.

addedto(X,Y,XaddedtoY): if X,Y, and XaddedtoY are instantiated, returns
true if X+Y==XaddedtoY, false otherwise. If one of the parameters is not
instantiated then it is instantiated to the missing value.  If two or more of the parameters are not instantiated then the instantiation of the free parameters is delegated to the constraint solver.

And multiplication and division, as times/3.

times(X,Y,XtimesY): if X,Y, and XtimesY are instantiated, returns true if
X*Y==XtimesY, false otherwise. If one of the  parameters is not instantiated then it is instantiated to the missing value. If two or more
of the parameters are not instantiated then the instantiation of the free
parameters is delegated to the constraint solver.

And binding and equality testing can be unified, as

equals(X,Y): if X and Y are instantiated returns true if X==Y, false
otherwise. If one of the values is not instantiated then it is bound to the
same value as the other one. If neither X nor Y are instantiated then instantiation of the free parameters is delegated to the constraint solver.

Everything is a predicate

Parasat unifies infix notation, functions, constraints, and predicates. This can be illustrated by the following equivalent forms of the times(X,Y,XtimesY) predicate:

XtimesY = times(X,Y)
X = times(XtimesY,Y)
Y = times(X,XtimesY)
X,Y = times(XtimesY)
XtimesY,X,Y = times()

and with the following definitions added:

A / B <=>  times(XtimesY=A,Y=B)
A * B <=> times(X=A,Y=B)

the times(X,Y,XtimesY) predicate acquires the following additional equivalent forms:

Y = XtimesY / X
XtimesY = X * Y

“plug and play” search strategies

Parasat’s transparent application of different search strategies is illustrated by comparison of the Picat “Send More Money” program:

 %  PICAT SEND+MORE=MONEY
import cp.
sendmory => 
    Vars = [S,E,N,D,M,O,R,Y], % generate variables
    Vars :: 0..9,
    all_different(Vars), % generate constraints
    S #!= 0,
    M #!= 0,
    1000*S + 100*E + 10*N + D + 1000*M + 100*O + 10*R + E 
        #= 10000*M + 1000*O + 100*N + 10*E + Y,
    solve(Vars), %  search
    writeln(Vars).

with the equivalent Parasat program:

 %  PARASAT SEND+MORE=MONEY 
 sendmory(S:S,E:E,N:N,D:D,M:M,O:O,R:R,Y:Y) & writeln(S,E,N,D,M,O,R,Y).   
 sendmory(S,E,N,D,M,O,R,Y) <=> 
 type(Var:S, Domain:1..9) &
 type(Var:E, Domain:0..9) &
 type(Var:N, Domain:0..9) &
 type(Var:D, Domain:0..9) &
 type(Var:M, Domain:1..9) &
 type(Var:O, Domain:0..9) &
 type(Var:R, Domain:0..9) &
 type(Var:Y, Domain:0..9) &
 all_different(Set:[S,E,N,D,M,O,R,Y]) &
 1000*S + 100*E + 10*N + D + 1000*M + 100*O + 10*R + E 
   = 10000*M + 1000*O + 100*N + 10*E + Y.

Parasat does not require an explicit “solve” instruction because the all_different predicate delegates finding missing values to the constraint solver. It transparently satisfies the sendmory() predicate using constraint programming to find the solution: [9,5,6,7,1,0,8,2] .

Note that in Parasat:

1000*S + 100*E + 10*N + D + 1000*M + 100*O + 10*R + E 
   = 10000*M + 1000*O + 100*N + 10*E + Y

is syntactic sugar for:

 times(X:M, Y:1000,   XtimesY:T1) &  
     times(X:O, Y:100, XtimesY:T2) &  
     times(X:R, Y:10, XtimesY:T3) &  
     addedto(X:T1, Y:T2, XaddedtoY:T4) &  
     addedto(X:T3, Y:T4, XaddedtoY:T5) &  
     addedto(X:E, Y:T5, XaddedtoY:T6) &  
     times(X:S, Y:1000, XtimesY:T7) &  
     times(X:E, Y:100, XtimesY:T8) &  
     addedto(X:T7, Y:T8, XaddedtoY:T9) &  
     times(X:N, Y:10, XtimesY:T10) &  
     addedto(X:T9, Y:T10, XaddedtoY:T11) &  
     addedto(X:D, Y:T11, XaddedtoY:T12) &  
     addedto(X:T6, Y:T12, XaddedtoY:T13) &  
     times(X:M, Y:10000, XtimesY:T14) &  
     times(X:O, Y:1000, XtimesY:T15) &  
     addedto(X:T14, Y:T15, XaddedtoY:T16) &  
     times(X:N, Y:100, XtimesY:T17) &  
     addedto(X:T16, Y:T17, XaddedtoY:T18) &  
     times(X:E, Y:10, XtimesY:T19) &  
     addedto(X:T18, Y:T19, XaddedtoY:T20) &  
     addedto(X:Y, Y:T20, XaddedtoY:T21) &  
     equals(X:T13, Y:T21)

Conclusion

This brief sketch captures key ideas for an ideal predicate language “Parasat”. Your feedback is welcome in the comments below.

Filed Under: Other

Using a Gantt Chart to Show Schedule Uncertainty

Posted on February 24, 2018 Written by david

Temporary organisations (or projects) frequently work with uncertain timelines. Briefing senior management on the extent of uncertainty and progress towards reducing uncertainty is a crucial Project Management challenge. This article explores a visual approach to communicating schedule uncertainty using the common Gantt chart. The approach taken is to show the Gantt Chart, and then explain the various elements in it.

Key Messages

The Gantt Chart is amenable for illustrating the following project talking points.

This project will require schedule contingency due to the parallel work involved.
The estimates for the series and parallel tasks are identical at 100 days.
Earlier activities have less schedule uncertainty, later activities have more schedule uncertainty. This is because later activities are affected by the accumulated uncertainty of prior activities.
Even with uncertainty added (at +/- 20%) the Optimistic and Pessimistic Finish times for both series and parallel tasks are identical.
But in the real world, doing work in parallel means that following activities are affected differently to activities done in series. (Illustrating merge bias.)
The parallel tasks are likely to be delayed from a week up to a month more than the series tasks depending on how many prior parallel tasks that are depended on.
This project will require significant schedule contingency due to the parallel work involved.

The project activities

Series Tasks
- [Task Series 1-10] ten tasks which are in series (10 days each) .
Parallel Tasks
- [Task Parallel 1-5] five tasks in parallel (50 days each)
- [Task Depends on Parallel 1-x] five tasks (50 days each) which depend on from 1 to 5 earlier tasks in parallel.

Uncertainty

Task duration uncertainty is frequently modeled using the BETA, Triangle, and Normal random distributions. In this example the activity uncertainty has been modeled as normally distributed with a mean equal to the task’s nominal duration and a standard deviation of +/-20%. The Optimistic/Pessimistic Duration is defined as Duration +/- 2 * Standard Deviations which spans ~95% of expected durations.

Chart Bar

Each Gantt Bar shows six events:

Events

Event

How is it calculated?

Optimistic Start

The Start/Finish time for the activity if every activity’s duration is the optimistic shortest time.

90% Start

Based on Monte Carlo simulation, 90% of the time the task will have started by this time.

Likely Start/Finish

The most likely Start/Finish Date based on a Monte Carlo simulation.

90% Finish

Based on Monte Carlo simulation, 90% of the time the task will have finished by this time.

Pessimistic Finish

The Finish time for the activity if every activity’s duration is the pessimistic longest time.

Merge Bias

The diagram nicely illustrates Merge Bias. The last four activities all have later likely start dates. The later times are due to the increasing numbers of prior tasks that need to complete in parallel. That is, more parallel completions equals later expected start time.

How was this created?

The Likely Start and Finish times and 90% Start and Finish times are calculated using a 2000-run Monte Carlo simulation within MS Project. The code supports both the Triangle and Normal Distributions for capturing activity uncertainty. The input data and results of this run may be found as a CSV file Compare Series and Parallel.csv. The project start date was Sun 25-Feb-18 and scheduling was done from the Project Start Date with the Standard 5 day a week calendar. Let me know if you are interested in reviewing the code, and I will tidy it up and make it available on Github.

The visualisation was created using the following MS Project Bar Styles:

Other options

While I have been unable to find an existing example of presenting the output from a Monte Carlo run as a Gantt Chart, the idea of using the Gantt Chart to present schedule uncertainty is not original. Here are a couple of prior examples:

Chandoo.org’s Gantt Box Chart.
Liquid planner supports what they call “Uncertainty Gantts“

There are many examples available that show schedule uncertainty as a histogram of end dates. Glen Alleman shows a good example here. Palisade have visual examples here. And a Statistical Pert example here.

Filed Under: Project Management

Formal and informal Latin script for Kazakh language

Posted on December 26, 2017 Written by david

In 2017 President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced that Kazakhstan will fully transition from Cyrillic to Latin letters by 2025. I wrote this post in response. As my good friend Maktaxali taught me, we often find that “The caravan has left but the dogs are still barking”. In the matter of writing the Kazakh language using the Latin script, I found myself adding to the “howls”.

The Formal and Informal Latin scripts

I know that the “caravan has left” however, I propose an improved Kazakh Latin Script in two variants Formal (Kara) and Informal (Kiswi). The proposed Formal (Kara) Latin script is suitable for newspapers, the web, and books. While dropping the ‘ altogether, gives the Informal (Kiswi) Latin script which is suitable for SMS, apps, and mobile devices.

Here is an example: The Qazaq national verse “Kozimning qarasi” by Abay Kuwnanbaev using the approved Qazaqstan Latin and Cyrillic scripts; and the proposed Formal (Kara) and Informal (Kiswi) Latin scripts.

Below there is a Qazaq Cyrillic to Kara and Kiswi alippe translation table, but first, here is an explanation of the proposed scripts.

Background

After living in Kazakhstan for nearly 20 years, and as a Kazakh language speaker, my interest in this topic goes back a long way. In 1990, I prepared a guide to the Kazakh language for English speakers called “Kazakh Notes“. This guide helps language learners master the consonant and vowel harmonies underlying the spoken and written forms of Kazakh language words. Learning, speaking and promoting Kazakh language learning is an abiding interest of mine.

Goals

Build on same philosophy as the official Qazaqstan Latin script.
Improve the visual aesthetic by reducing reliance on ‘.
Make the written form more closely reflect vowel harmony.
Reduce the number of digraphs required.
Provide a simplified form of the script for use in apps and mobile devices where the ‘ character is not permitted, or desirable.

Proposed Latin alphabet with Formal and Informal variants

The above changes have reduced the required apostrophes from 10 to 4 (!) , and in the Informal Latin script none are required!

Juwan and Jingiswke sounds

The proposed latin script treats Juwan (Hard) and Jingiswke (Soft) variants of sounds in a uniform way. For consonants, K and G the Juwan variants have their own letters Q and X and the distinction is preserved in the Kiswi alippe. For vowels the Jingishke variants are marked with the ‘ and the distinction is not preserved in the Kiswi alippe

Qazaq Cyrillic – Kara and Kiswi alippe translation

Here is a list of common Qazaq words from here and their translation into the Kara and Kiswi alippe.

Qazaq Cyrillic	Kara alippe	Kiswi alippe
а	a	a
аға	axa	axa
ағаш	axasw	axasw
ағымдағы	aximdaxi	aximdaxi
ағыны	axini	axini
адам	adam	adam
адамдар	adamdar	adamdar
ажыратылған	ajiratilxan	ajiratilxan
аздау	azdauw	azdauw
ай	ay	ay
айқайлау	ayqaylauw	ayqaylauw
айқын	ayqin	ayqin
аймақ	aymaq	aymaq
айтты	aytti	aytti
айту	aytuw	aytuw
айыппұл	ayippul	ayippul
аккорд	akkord	akkord
акт	akt	akt
ақ	aq	aq
ақша	aqswa	aqswa
ақыл	aqil	aqil
алға	alxa	alxa
алғыс айту	alxis aytuw	alxis aytuw
алды	aldi	aldi
алдыңғы	aldingxi	aldingxi
алма	alma	alma
алты	alti	alti
алтын	altin	altin
алу	aluw	aluw
алыс	alis	alis
ана	ana	ana
ана жерде	ana jerde	ana jerde
анық	aniq	aniq
анықтау	aniqtauw	aniqtauw
аңғар	angxar	angxar
аңшылық	angswiliq	angswiliq
апта	apta	apta
ара	ara	ara
арал	aral	aral
араластыру	aralastiruw	aralastiruw
арасында	arasinda	arasinda
арқан	arqan	arqan
арқылы	arqili	arqili
арман	arman	arman
арнаулы	arnauwli	arnauwli
артқа	artqa	artqa
артында	artinda	artinda
аспаз	aspaz	aspaz
аспан	aspan	aspan
аспап	aspap	aspap
астында	astinda	astinda
асығу	asixuw	asixuw
ат	at	at
ата-аналар	ata-analar	ata-analar
атақты	ataqti	ataqti
атом	atom	atom
ауа	auwa	auwa
ауа райы	auwa rayi	auwa rayi
аудан	auwdan	auwdan
ауқымды	auwqimdi	auwqimdi
аула	auwla	auwla
аулау	auwlauw	auwlauw
ауыз	auwiz	auwiz
ауыл	auwil	auwil
ауыр	auwir	auwir
ауыстыру	auwistiruw	auwistiruw
ашу	aswuw	aswuw
ашық	aswiq	aswiq
аю	ayuw	ayuw
аяқ	ayaq	ayaq
аяқталған	ayaqtalxan	ayaqtalxan
әбден	a’bden	abden
әдемі	a’demi’	ademi
әдеттегі	a’dettegi’	adettegi
әділ	a’di’l	adil
әдіс	a’di’s	adis
әзірлеу	a’zi’rleuw	azirleuw
әйел	a’yel	ayel
әйелдер	a’yelder	ayelder
әке	a’ke	ake
әкелді	a’keldi’	akeldi
әкелу	a’keluw	akeluw
әлем	a’lem	alem
ән	a’n	an
ән салу	a’n saluw	an saluw
әңгіме	a’nggi’me	anggime
әр түрлі	a’r tu’rli’	ar turli
әрбір	a’rbi’r	arbir
әрекет	a’reket	areket
әрқашан	a’rqaswan	arqaswan
әсер	a’ser	aser
әсіресе	a’si’rese	asirese
әуен	a’uwen	auwen
база	baza	baza
базар	bazar	bazar
бай	bay	bay
байқау	bayqauw	bayqauw
байланысты	baylanisti	baylanisti
бақ	baq	baq
бақылау	baqilauw	baqilauw
бақытты	baqitti	baqitti
бала	bala	bala
балалар	balalar	balalar
балық	baliq	baliq
банк	bank	bank
бар	bar	bar
барды	bardi	bardi
барлық	barliq	barliq
бару	baruw	baruw
бас	bas	bas
басқа	basqa	basqa
басқарма	basqarma	basqarma
басқару	basqaruw	basqaruw
баспасөз	baspaso’z	baspasoz
баста	basta	basta
бастады	bastadi	bastadi
бастап	bastap	bastap
бастау	bastauw	bastauw
басты	basti	basti
басу	basuw	basuw
басыңыз	basingiz	basingiz
батыс	batis	batis
баяу	bayauw	bayauw
бейнелеу	beyneleuw	beyneleuw
белгі	belgi’	belgi
берді	berdi’	berdi
беру	beruw	beruw
бес	bes	bes
бет	bet	bet
беті	beti’	beti
би	by	by
биттік	bytti’k	byttik
биік	byi’k	byik
блок	blok	blok
бойынша	boyinswa	boyinswa
болады	boladi	boladi
болат	bolat	bolat
болды	boldi	boldi
болу	boluw	boluw
болуы	boluwi	boluwi
болып табылады	bolip tabiladi	bolip tabiladi
бос емес	bos emes	bos emes
бояу	boyauw	boyauw
бөлме	bo’lme	bolme
бөлу	bo’luw	boluw
бөлім	bo’li’m	bolim
бу	buw	buw
бұл	bul	bul
бұлт	bult	bult
бұрылу	buriluw	buriluw
бұрын	burin	burin
бұрыш	burisw	burisw
бүтін	bu’ti’n	butin
біз	bi’z	biz
бізді	bi’zdi’	bizdi
біздің	bi’zdi’ng	bizding
білген	bi’lgen	bilgen
білдіреді	bi’ldi’redi’	bildiredi
білу	bi’luw	biluw
бір	bi’r	bir
бір рет	bi’r ret	bir ret
бірақ	bi’raq	biraq
бірге	bi’rge	birge
бірдей	bi’rdey	birdey
бірлік	bi’rli’k	birlik
бірнеше	bi’rneswe	birneswe
бірінші	bi’ri’nswi’	birinswi
газ	gaz	gaz
галстук	galstuwk	galstuwk
гид	gyd	gyd
гол	gol	gol
градус	graduws	graduws
гүл	gu’l	gul
ғарыш	xarisw	xarisw
ғасыр	xasir	xasir
ғылым	xilim	xilim
дайын	dayin	dayin
дақ	daq	daq
даму	damuw	damuw
дауыс	dauwis	dauwis
дауыссыз дыбыс	dauwissiz dibis	dauwissiz dibis
дауысты	dauwisti	dauwisti
дәл	da’l	dal
дәлелдеу	da’leldeuw	daleldeuw
дән	da’n	dan
дәрігер	da’ri’ger	dariger
де	de	de
дегенмен	degenmen	degenmen
деді	dedi’	dedi
дейін	deyi’n	deyin
демалыс	demalis	demalis
дене	dene	dene
деңгей	denggey	denggey
деп жазды	dep jazdi	dep jazdi
диапазон	dyapazon	dyapazon
диск	dysk	dysk
доллар	dollar	dollar
доп	dop	dop
дос	dos	dos
дөңгелек	do’nggelek	donggelek
дұрыс	duris	duris
дүкен	du’ken	duken
дыбыс	dibis	dibis
дюймдік	dyuwymdi’k	dyuwymdik
егер	eger	eger
еден	eden	eden
еді	edi’	edi
екеуі де	ekeuwi’ de	ekeuwi de
екі	eki’	eki
ел	el	el
елестету	elestetuw	elestetuw
емес болады	emes boladi	emes boladi
емле	emle	emle
ең жақсы	eng jaqsi	eng jaqsi
ереже	ereje	ereje
ерекше	erekswe	erekswe
ерлер	erler	erler
ермек	ermek	ermek
ерте	erte	erte
ерік	eri’k	erik
ескерту	eskertuw	eskertuw
ескі	eski’	eski
есте сақтау	este saqtauw	este saqtauw
естідім	esti’di’m	estidim
есік	esi’k	esik
ет	et	et
етістік	eti’sti’k	etistik
ешқашан да	eswqaswan da	eswqaswan da
ештеңе	eswtenge	eswtenge
жабайы	jabayi	jabayi
жабдықтау	jabdiqtauw	jabdiqtauw
жаға	jaxa	jaxa
жағдай	jaxday	jaxday
жаз	jaz	jaz
жазбаша	jazbaswa	jazbaswa
жазу	jazuw	jazuw
жақсы	jaqsi	jaqsi
жақсырақ	jaqsiraq	jaqsiraq
жақын	jaqin	jaqin
жалғастыру	jalxastiruw	jalxastiruw
жалғыз	jalxiz	jalxiz
жалпы	jalpi	jalpi
жаман	jaman	jaman
жанасу	janasuw	janasuw
жануар	januwar	januwar
жанында	janinda	janinda
жаңа	janga	janga
жаңбыр	jangbir	jangbir
жарғанат	jarxanat	jarxanat
жарты	jarti	jarti
жарық диодты индикатор	jariq dyodti yndykator	jariq dyodti yndykator
жас	jas	jas
жасады	jasadi	jasadi
жасайды	jasaydi	jasaydi
жасау	jasauw	jasauw
жасуша	jasuwswa	jasuwswa
жасыл	jasil	jasil
жаттығу	jattixuw	jattixuw
жау	jauw	jauw
жауап	jauwap	jauwap
жәндік	ja’ndi’k	jandik
жеке	jeke	jeke
жел	jel	jel
жем	jem	jem
жеміс	jemi’s	jemis
жеңіл	jengi’l	jengil
жеңілдік	jengi’ldi’k	jengildik
жеңіс	jengi’s	jengis
жер	jer	jer
жеткілікті	jetki’li’kti’	jetkilikti
жету	jetuw	jetuw
жеті	jeti’	jeti
жеу	jeuw	jeuw
жинау	jynauw	jynauw
жиырма	jyirma	jyirma
жиі	jyi’	jyi
жобалау	jobalauw	jobalauw
жоғалған	joxalxan	joxalxan
жоғары	joxari	joxari
жоқ	joq	joq
жол	jol	jol
жорамал	joramal	joramal
жоспар	jospar	jospar
журнал	juwrnal	juwrnal
жуу	juwuw	juwuw
жұқа	juqa	juqa
жұлдыз	juldiz	juldiz
жұмсақ	jumsaq	jumsaq
жұмсауға	jumsauwxa	jumsauwxa
жұмыртқа	jumirtqa	jumirtqa
жұмыс	jumis	jumis
жұп	jup	jup
жұрнақ	jurnaq	jurnaq
жүгіру	ju’gi’ruw	jugiruw
жүз	ju’z	juz
жүзеге	ju’zege	juzege
жүзу	ju’zuw	juzuw
жүзік	ju’zi’k	juzik
жүйе	ju’ye	juye
жүк көлігі	ju’k ko’li’gi’	juk koligi
жүрек	ju’rek	jurek
жүру	ju’ruw	juruw
жыл	jil	jil
жылау	jilauw	jilauw
жылдам	jildam	jildam
жылдамдық	jildamdiq	jildamdiq
жылқы	jilqi	jilqi
жылтыр	jiltir	jiltir
жылы	jili	jili
жіберу	ji’beruw	jiberuw
жіберілген	ji’beri’lgen	jiberilgen
Жоғарыда	Joxarida	Joxarida
заң	zang	zang
зат	zat	zat
зат есім	zat esi’m	zat esim
иә	ya’	ya
идея	ydeya	ydeya
ит	yt	yt
иық	yiq	yiq
иіс	yi’s	yis
капитал	kapytal	kapytal
капитан	kapytan	kapytan
карта	karta	karta
кафедра	kafedra	kafedra
кәртішке	ka’rti’swke	kartiswke
кедей	kedey	kedey
кез келген	kez kelgen	kez kelgen
кездейсоқтық	kezdeysoqtiq	kezdeysoqtiq
кездестіру	kezdesti’ruw	kezdestiruw
кезең	kezeng	kezeng
кейбір	keybi’r	keybir
кейін	keyi’n	keyin
кейінгі	keyi’ngi’	keyingi
кейіпкер	keyi’pker	keyipker
келді	keldi’	keldi
келеді	keledi’	keledi
келесі	kelesi’	kelesi
келу	keluw	keluw
келісу	keli’suw	kelisuw
кем дегенде	kem degende	kem degende
кеме	keme	keme
кенет	kenet	kenet
кең	keng	keng
кеңсе	kengse	kengse
керек	kerek	kerek
керемет	keremet	keremet
кесек	kesek	kesek
кескін	keski’n	keskin
кесте	keste	keste
кесу	kesuw	kesuw
кеткен	ketken	ketken
кеш	kesw	kesw
киіндіру	kyi’ndi’ruw	kyindiruw
кию	kyyuw	kyyuw
колонна	kolonna	kolonna
команда	komanda	komanda
компания	kompanyya	kompanyya
костюм	kostyuwm	kostyuwm
көбейту	ko’beytuw	kobeytuw
көбінесе	ko’bi’nese	kobinese
көбірек	ko’bi’rek	kobirek
көз	ko’z	koz
көйлек	ko’ylek	koylek
көк	ko’k	kok
көктем	ko’ktem	koktem
көл	ko’l	kol
көмектесіңіздер	ko’mektesi’ngi’zder	komektesingizder
көп	ko’p	kop
көптеген	ko’ptegen	koptegen
көптік	ko’pti’k	koptik
көрсету	ko’rsetuw	korsetuw
көру	ko’ruw	koruw
көрші	ko’rswi’	korswi
көрінуі	ko’ri’nuwi’	korinuwi
көрініс	ko’ri’ni’s	korinis
көтеру	ko’teruw	koteruw
көтерілу	ko’teri’luw	koteriluw
көше	ko’swe	koswe
көшірме	ko’swi’rme	koswirme
крест	krest	krest
курс	kuwrs	kuwrs
күз	ku’z	kuz
күйік	ku’yi’k	kuyik
күлкі	ku’lki’	kulki
күлімсіреу	ku’li’msi’reuw	kulimsireuw
күміс	ku’mi’s	kumis
күн	ku’n	kun
күту	ku’tuw	kutuw
күш	ku’sw	kusw
күшті	ku’swti’	kuswti
кілт	ki’lt	kilt
кім	ki’m	kim
кімнің	ki’mni’ng	kimning
кіру	ki’ruw	kiruw
кітап	ki’tap	kitap
кішкентай	ki’swkentay	kiswkentay
қабылдау	qabildauw	qabildauw
қабырға	qabirxa	qabirxa
қабыршақ	qabirswaq	qabirswaq
қабілетті	qabi’letti’	qabiletti
қағаз	qaxaz	qaxaz
қадақ	qadaq	qadaq
қадам	qadam	qadam
қажет	qajet	qajet
қазір	qazi’r	qazir
қазіргі	qazi’rgi’	qazirgi
қазіргі заманғы	qazi’rgi’ zamanxi	qazirgi zamanxi
қай	qay	qay
қайда	qayda	qayda
қайтадан	qaytadan	qaytadan
қайталау	qaytalauw	qaytalauw
қайық	qayiq	qayiq
қақпақ	qaqpaq	qaqpaq
қала	qala	qala
қалай	qalay	qalay
қалдыру	qaldiruw	qaldiruw
қалың	qaling	qaling
қалып	qalip	qalip
қамқорлық	qamqorliq	qamqorliq
қамтамасыз ету	qamtamasiz etuw	qamtamasiz etuw
қамтиды	qamtydi	qamtydi
қан	qan	qan
қанат	qanat	qanat
қант	qant	qant
қар	qar	qar
қара	qara	qara
қарағанда	qaraxanda	qaraxanda
қарай	qaray	qaray
қарама-қарсы	qarama-qarsi	qarama-qarsi
қараңғы	qarangxi	qarangxi
қарапайым	qarapayim	qarapayim
қарау	qarauw	qarauw
қарсы	qarsi	qarsi
қарындас	qarindas	qarindas
қатар	qatar	qatar
қате	qate	qate
қатты	qatti	qatti
қауіп	qauwi’p	qauwip
қауіпсіз	qauwi’psi’z	qauwipsiz
қашан	qaswan	qaswan
қимылсыз	qymilsiz	qymilsiz
қиын	qyin	qyin
қиыншылық	qyinswiliq	qyinswiliq
қозғалтқыш	qozxaltqisw	qozxaltqisw
қозғалыс	qozxalis	qozxalis
қоздыру	qozdiruw	qozdiruw
қойма	qoyma	qoyma
қол	qol	qol
қолдау	qoldauw	qoldauw
қоңыр	qongir	qongir
қоңырау	qongirauw	qongirauw
қорап	qorap	qorap
қорғасын	qorxasin	qorxasin
қорғау	qorxauw	qorxauw
қорқады	qorqadi	qorqadi
қорқыныш	qorqinisw	qorqinisw
қос	qos	qos
қоспағанда	qospaxanda	qospaxanda
қосу	qosuw	qosuw
қосылу	qosiluw	qosiluw
қою	qoyuw	qoyuw
қуаныш	quwanisw	quwanisw
қуанышты	quwaniswti	quwaniswti
құйрық	quyriq	quyriq
құл	qul	qul
құлақ	qulaq	qulaq
құм	qum	qum
құн	qun	qun
құны	quni	quni
құрады	quradi	quradi
құрғақ	qurxaq	qurxaq
құрылық	quriliq	quriliq
құс	qus	qus
құтқару	qutqaruw	qutqaruw
қыз бала	qiz bala	qiz bala
қызмет ету	qizmet etuw	qizmet etuw
қызығушылық	qizixuwswiliq	qizixuwswiliq
қызыл	qizil	qizil
қыртыстарды	qirtistardi	qirtistardi
қыс	qis	qis
қысқа	qisqa	qisqa
Қазақстан бойынша жүк тасымалдары	Qazaqstan boyinswa ju’k tasimaldari	Qazaqstan boyinswa juk tasimaldari
Құрметті	Qurmetti’	Qurmetti
лагерь	lagerь	lagerь
лақтыру	laqtiruw	laqtiruw
лезде	lezde	lezde
лязат	lyazat	lyazat
ма	ma	ma
магнит	magnyt	magnyt
маған	maxan	maxan
май	may	may
майор	mayor	mayor
мақта	maqta	maqta
масса	massa	massa
мастер	master	master
материал	materyal	materyal
матч	matc	matc
маусымы	mauwsimi	mauwsimi
махаббат	mahabbat	mahabbat
машина	maswyna	maswyna
мәміле	ma’mi’le	mamile
мәселе	ma’sele	masele
мейірімді	meyi’ri’mdi’	meyirimdi
мектеп	mektep	mektep
мемлекет	memleket	memleket
мен	men	men
меншік	menswi’k	menswik
менің	meni’ng	mening
мерзім	merzi’m	merzim
металл	metall	metall
миллион	myllyon	myllyon
миля	mylya	mylya
минут	mynuwt	mynuwt
мойын	moyin	moyin
молекуласы	molekuwlasi	molekuwlasi
мөлшері	mo’lsweri’	molsweri
музыка	muwzika	muwzika
мұз	muz	muz
мұқтаждық	muqtajdiq	muqtajdiq
мұнай	munay	munay
мұнда	munda	munda
мұрын	murin	murin
мұхит	muhyt	muhyt
мүмкін	mu’mki’n	mumkin
мүмкіндік	mu’mki’ndi’k	mumkindik
мылтық	miltiq	miltiq
мың	ming	ming
мысал	misal	misal
мысық	misiq	misiq
міндетті	mi’ndetti’	mindetti
нан	nan	nan
нәресте	na’reste	nareste
нәрсе	na’rse	narse
нәсіл	na’si’l	nasil
нәтиже	na’tyje	natyje
не	ne	ne
неге	nege	nege
негізгі	negi’zgi’	negizgi
немесе	nemese	nemese
нөмір	no’mi’r	nomir
оған	oxan	oxan
оғаш	oxasw	oxasw
ой	oy	oy
ойлап	oylap	oylap
ойлау	oylauw	oylauw
ойын	oyin	oyin
оқиға	oqyxa	oqyxa
оқу	oquw	oquw
ол	ol	ol
олар	olar	olar
оларға	olarxa	olarxa
олардың	olarding	olarding
он	on	on
ондық	ondiq	ondiq
оның	oning	oning
оң	ong	ong
оңтүстік	ongtu’sti’k	ongtustik
орам	oram	oram
орган	organ	organ
орман	orman	orman
орналастыру	ornalastiruw	ornalastiruw
орнату	ornatuw	ornatuw
орта	orta	orta
ортақ	ortaq	ortaq
орталық	ortaliq	ortaliq
орын	orin	orin
орындаңыз	orindangiz	orindangiz
осы	osi	osi
осылай	osilay	osilay
осылайша	osilayswa	osilayswa
от	ot	ot
отар	otar	otar
отбасы	otbasi	otbasi
оттегі	ottegi’	ottegi
отыру	otiruw	otiruw
өз	o’z	oz
өзгерту	o’zgertuw	ozgertuw
өзгеріс	o’zgeri’s	ozgeris
өзен	o’zen	ozen
өзін-өзі	o’zi’n-o’zi’	ozin-ozi
өлең	o’leng	oleng
өлтіру	o’lti’ruw	oltiruw
өлу	o’luw	oluw
өлшеу	o’lsweuw	olsweuw
өлі	o’li’	oli
өлім	o’li’m	olim
өмір	o’mi’r	omir
өнер	o’ner	oner
өнеркәсіп	o’nerka’si’p	onerkasip
өнім	o’ni’m	onim
өрмелеу	o’rmeleuw	ormeleuw
өріс	o’ri’s	oris
өсті	o’sti’	osti
өсу	o’suw	osuw
өсімдік	o’si’mdi’k	osimdik
өте	o’te	ote
өткен	o’tken	otken
өткір	o’tki’r	otkir
өту	o’tuw	otuw
өтінемін	o’ti’nemi’n	otinemin
өтірік	o’ti’ri’k	otirik
Өткізілген	O’tki’zi’lgen	Otkizilgen
пайда	payda	payda
пайда болу	payda boluw	payda boluw
пайдалану	paydalanuw	paydalanuw
пала	pala	pala
пальто	palьto	palьto
параграф	paragraf	paragraf
партия	partyya	partyya
патша	patswa	patswa
пән	pa’n	pan
планета	planeta	planeta
поезд	poezd	poezd
позиция	pozyцyya	pozyцyya
порт	port	port
практика	praktyka	praktyka
проблема	problema	problema
процесс	proцess	proцess
радио	radyo	radyo
раушан	rauwswan	rauwswan
рекорд	rekord	rekord
рельс	relьs	relьs
реттеуге	retteuwge	retteuwge
ретінде	reti’nde	retinde
руб	ruwb	ruwb
рұқсат ету	ruqsat etuw	ruqsat etuw
сағат	saxat	saxat
сағыну	saxinuw	saxinuw
сақталады	saqtaladi	saqtaladi
салқын	salqin	salqin
салмақ	salmaq	salmaq
салу	saluw	saluw
салыстыру	salistiruw	salistiruw
сан	san	san
санау	sanauw	sanauw
сапар	sapar	sapar
сары	sari	sari
сату	satuw	satuw
сатып	satip	satip
сатып алу	satip aluw	satip aluw
сауда	sauwda	sauwda
саусақ	sauwsaq	sauwsaq
саяхат	sayahat	sayahat
сәт	sa’t	sat
себеп	sebep	sebep
сегмент	segment	segment
сегіз	segi’z	segiz
сезу	sezuw	sezuw
сезім	sezi’m	sezim
сезіндім	sezi’ndi’m	sezindim
секунд	sekuwnd	sekuwnd
секіру	seki’ruw	sekiruw
сену	senuw	senuw
сенімді	seni’mdi’	senimdi
серуен	seruwen	seruwen
символы	symvoli	symvoli
сипаттау	sypattauw	sypattauw
сиыр	syir	syir
сияқты	syyaqti	syyaqti
слог	slog	slog
соғыс	soxis	soxis
содан кейін	sodan keyi’n	sodan keyin
созу	sozuw	sozuw
соқпақ	soqpaq	soqpaq
сол	sol	sol
солдат	soldat	soldat
солтүстік	soltu’sti’k	soltustik
сондай	sonday	sonday
соңғы	songxi	songxi
соңды	songdi	songdi
соңы	songi	songi
сөз	so’z	soz
сөздік	so’zdi’k	sozdik
сөйлем	so’ylem	soylem
сөйлеу	so’yleuw	soyleuw
спица	spyцa	spyцa
станция	stanцyya	stanцyya
студент	stuwdent	stuwdent
су	suw	suw
сурет	suwret	suwret
сурет салу	suwret saluw	suwret saluw
сусын	suwsin	suwsin
суық	suwiq	suwiq
сұйық	suyiq	suyiq
сұлулық	suluwliq	suluwliq
сұр	sur	sur
сұрақ	suraq	suraq
сұрау	surauw	surauw
сүйек	su’yek	suyek
сүт	su’t	sut
сызық	siziq	siziq
сым	sim	sim
сынақ	sinaq	sinaq
сынған	sinxan	sinxan
сынып	sinip	sinip
сыпайылық	sipayiliq	sipayiliq
сіздің	si’zdi’ng	sizding
Сб	Sb	Sb
Сондай-ақ,	Sonday-aq,	Sonday-aq,
Сіз	Si’z	Siz
табақ	tabaq	tabaq
табиғат	tabyxat	tabyxat
табиғи	tabyxy	tabyxy
табу	tabuw	tabuw
табылған	tabilxan	tabilxan
табыс	tabis	tabis
тағы	taxi	taxi
таза	taza	taza
талап	talap	talap
талқылау	talqilauw	talqilauw
талтүс	taltu’s	taltus
тамақ	tamaq	tamaq
таң	tang	tang
таңдау	tangdauw	tangdauw
тапсырыс	tapsiris	tapsiris
тарап	tarap	tarap
тарату	taratuw	taratuw
тарихы	taryhi	taryhi
тармақ	tarmaq	tarmaq
тарт	tart	tart
тас	tas	tas
тастау	tastauw	tastauw
тау	tauw	tauw
таю	tayuw	tayuw
таяқ	tayaq	tayaq
тәжірибе	ta’ji’rybe	tajirybe
тегін	tegi’n	tegin
тегіс	tegi’s	tegis
тез	tez	tez
тезірек	tezi’rek	tezirek
тек	tek	tek
тексеру	tekseruw	tekseruw
температура	temperatuwra	temperatuwra
темір	temi’r	temir
тең	teng	teng
теңестіру	tengesti’ruw	tengestiruw
теңіз	tengi’z	tengiz
терезе	tereze	tereze
терең	tereng	tereng
тері	teri’	teri
тесік	tesi’k	tesik
тобыр	tobir	tobir
тоғыз	toxiz	toxiz
тоқта	toqta	toqta
толқын	tolqin	tolqin
толтыру	toltiruw	toltiruw
толық	toliq	toliq
топ	top	top
топырақ	topiraq	topiraq
тосын	tosin	tosin
төбе	to’be	tobe
төбелес	to’beles	tobeles
төлем	to’lem	tolem
төлеу	to’leuw	toleuw
төмен	to’men	tomen
төменгі	to’mengi’	tomengi
төрт	to’rt	tort
төсек	to’sek	tosek
туған	tuwxan	tuwxan
тура	tuwra	tuwra
туралы	tuwrali	tuwrali
туфли	tuwfly	tuwfly
тұз	tuz	tuz
тұқым	tuqim	tuqim
тұрды	turdi	turdi
тұру	turuw	turuw
түбір	tu’bi’r	tubir
түзу	tu’zuw	tuzuw
түн	tu’n	tun
түпнұсқа	tu’pnusqa	tupnusqa
түрі	tu’ri’	turi
түс	tu’s	tus
түтік	tu’ti’k	tutik
тыныш	tinisw	tinisw
тыңдау	tingdauw	tingdauw
тізім	ti’zi’m	tizim
тіл	ti’l	til
тілек	ti’lek	tilek
тіпті	ti’pti’	tipti
тірі	ti’ri’	tiri
тістері	ti’steri’	tisteri
Тоқсан	Toqsan	Toqsan
уақыт	uwaqit	uwaqit
ұзақ	uzaq	uzaq
ұзын бойлы	uzin boyli	uzin boyli
ұзындық	uzindiq	uzindiq
ұйықтау	uyiqtauw	uyiqtauw
ұқсас	uqsas	uqsas
ұл	ul	ul
ұлт	ult	ult
ұлы	uli	uli
ұрыс	uris	uris
ұстап	ustap	ustap
ұстау	ustauw	ustauw
ұсынамыз	usinamiz	usinamiz
ұсыну	usinuw	usinuw
ұшақ	uswaq	uswaq
үзіліс	u’zi’li’s	uzilis
үй	u’y	uy
үйрек	u’yrek	uyrek
үйрену	u’yrenuw	uyrenuw
үйрету	u’yretuw	uyretuw
үлгі	u’lgi’	ulgi
үлес	u’les	ules
үлкен	u’lken	ulken
үміт	u’mi’t	umit
үн	u’n	un
үрлеу	u’rleuw	urleuw
үстел	u’stel	ustel
үстінде	u’sti’nde	ustinde
үстінен	u’sti’nen	ustinen
үш	u’sw	usw
үшбұрыш	u’swburisw	uswburisw
үшін	u’swi’n	uswin
үшінші	u’swi’nswi’	uswinswi
ханым	hanim	hanim
хат	hat	hat
шақыру	swaqiruw	swaqiruw
шаршы	swarswi	swarswi
шахта	swahta	swahta
шаш	swasw	swasw
шеберлік	sweberli’k	sweberlik
шегеру	swegeruw	swegeruw
шеңбер	swengber	swengber
шешу	sweswuw	sweswuw
шешім	sweswi’m	sweswim
шина	swyna	swyna
шөл	swo’l	swol
шөп	swo’p	swop
шу	swuw	swuw
шыбын	swibin	swibin
шығару	swixaruw	swixaruw
шығыс	swixis	swixis
шын	swin	swin
шынайы	swinayi	swinayi
шыны	swini	swini
ықтимал	iqtymal	iqtymal
ыстық	istiq	istiq
іздеу	i’zdeuw	izdeuw
інжір	i’nji’r	injir
істемеу	i’stemeuw	istemeuw
істеу	i’steuw	isteuw
ішінде	i’swi’nde	iswinde

Filed Under: Kazakh Language

Underwater Running Survey

Posted on February 13, 2017 Written by david

The Australian style of underwater running is unique in that it works irrespective of the runner’s buoyancy and depth of water. This article surveys several different ways of running underwater.

There is a beauty to this slow motion running in a pool! This swimmer achieves negative buoyancy by exhaling prior to submerging.

By comparison, the Bajau free diver’s walk is just mesmerizing. The diver achieves negative buoyancy through low BMI, and diving deep enough that the lung volume is reduced by a significant fraction. (starts at the 2:17 mark)

And of course, negative buoyancy may be achieved by carrying a rock!

In contrast to these approaches, the Australian style of underwater running does not depend on achieving negative buoyancy! Runners of all BMI’s are welcome, you can keep your lungs full of air, and … no rocks required!

Filed Under: Underwater Running

Underwater Running Demos

Posted on January 7, 2017 Written by david

Underwater running on sand in deep water provides high resistance aerobic exercise. (No weights or other equipment required.) Here are a couple of videos showing the technique.

Filed Under: Other, Underwater Running

Management – Reading

Posted on July 12, 2016 Written by david

The effect of power on the manager, a brilliant paper. Very sobering. “Power and Perspectives Not Taken” by Galinsky et. al.

Filed Under: Management, What David is Reading

Estimating – Reading

Posted on May 14, 2016 Written by david

For inspiration on estimating – check out this resource list from Glen Alleman at “Herding Cats” – How to estimate anything

Filed Under: Not Front Page, Project Management, What David is Reading

Unified Notation

Posted on May 12, 2016 Written by david

Recently a fantastic Youtube video Triangle of Power by user 3Blue1Brown alerted me to a beautiful notation that unifies the power, root, and logarithm notations. This notation was proposed four years earlier by user alex.jordon in this answer to a user™s question on http://math.stackexchange.com. The best way of seeing how this works is to watch the Triangle of Power video, if you haven™t already. This video has got me thinking, and here are the results.

Filed Under: Curiosities

Lean – reading

Posted on March 19, 2016 Written by david

I am convinced that Lean thinking and work patterns are crucial for IT-related change projects and the IT Service Management portfolio. When I am seeking inspiration I dive into:

Lean Production Simplified, Third Edition: A Plain-Language Guide to the World’s Most Powerful Production System B0169UYCEE (book) by Pascal Dennis. Dennis in his 3rd Ed. includes specific material on bridging from the factory floor to knowledge work. The argument that LEAN is important to knowledge work is persuasive – the challenge is in application.

The Remedy: Bringing Lean Thinking Out of the Factory to Transform the Entire Organization B003V89YW8 (book) by Pascal Dennis. Not as sharp as “Lean Simplified” but a useful guide to bridging across from production to business contexts.

Filed Under: IT Service Management, LEAN, Project Management, What David is Reading

Personal Productivity – Reading

Posted on March 19, 2016 Written by david

I have been reading zen habits for a while – but this is a gem: My most important productivity method. Here is the thesis:

Pick something important to work on (a task from your most important project, perhaps). What you pick doesn’t really matter, because you’ll get the rest soon.

Focus exclusively on that task for a bit, finishing it if you can.

Pick another important task after that, and repeat.

Filed Under: What David is Reading

Keys for Agile Co-Evolution of the WBS and Schedule Network: The ‘Schedule Network 100 Percent’ Rule and the ‘Add and Prune Dependencies’ Algorithm

Posted on February 6, 2016 Written by david

projectmanagement.com Knowledge Shelf just published an article of mine on “Keys for Agile Co-Evolution of the WBS and Schedule Network: The ‘Schedule Network 100 Percent’ Rule and the ‘Add and Prune Dependencies’ Algorithm”

Abstract

The ‘schedule network 100 percent’ rule and the ‘add and prune dependencies’ algorithm are keys for enabling the agile co-evolution of the work breakdown structure (WBS) and the schedule network. While creating and maintaining coherence between the WBS and schedule network has never been easy, today’s pressures to move toward a more agile practice of project management increase the challenge. This article elaborates on current, best practice project management foundations and adds the necessary definitions and methods for defining what coherence between the WBS and schedule network means and the methods to automatically create and maintain such coherence. The goal is project management practice where full coherence between the WBS and schedule network is taken for granted and maintained without effort by the project planner.