Your input and feedback on this article are welcome on github.com/DavidPratten/sql-fp

This article aims to add lambdas, functions and pipelines to the functional programming core of standard SQL, and thereby:

• separate transformation from data,
• increase SQL use cases
• increase SQL code re-use
• reduce situations where programmers need to cross the "impedance barrier" from queries to use the procedural CREATE FUNCTION, and
• increase processing speed through full utilisation of the query planner/ optimiser,

using an approach that may be implemented at scale with reasonable cost.

The outline of this article is as follows:

• Introduce query lambdas and the GIVEN clause, including recursive query lambdas
• Describe query functions and query pipelines
• Conclude with a discussion of the benefits and costs of the proposed features.

Query Lambdas

Query lambdas are the foundation of this proposal, so we will consider them first. Query lambdas have a function signature of (table_or_sub-query, ...) -> table, that is:

• accepting one, or more, tables or sub-queries as input
• and returning a table.

All table references within the lambda are local to it and tables in the global namespace are invisible.

Realising Query Lambdas in SQL with GIVEN

SQL’s SELECT may be turned into a lambda by prefixing it with the proposed GIVEN clause and wrapping the whole expression in brackets. The local_tables identified in the GIVEN clause are the only ones able to be referenced in the context of the SELECT and it’s sub-queries.

Here is an example lambda that sums the supplied state level population data at the country level.

select *
FROM (GIVEN(mapping(summary_id, id), rawdata(id, amount)) 
      SELECT mapping.summary_id, sum(rawdatea.amount) amount
          FROM rawdata rawdata
              JOIN mapping mapping ON rawdata.id = mapping.id
          GROUP BY mapping.summary_id
     )((SELECT country_id summary_id, state_id id FROM states),
       (SELECT state_id id, population amount FROM population_by_states)
      );

which may be read as:

• apply the input relation(s)
  • (select country_id summary_id, state_id id from states) which maps states to countries as the mapping table and
  • (select state_id id, population amount from population_by_states) as the rawdata table
• and return a population summary by country.

The query inside the lambda may be reused in any context, by passing in different tables as parameters.

This particular query lambda can be transpiled to SQL-99 as:

select *
FROM (SELECT mapping.summary_id, sum(rawdatea.amount) amount
      FROM (select state_id id, population amount from population_by_states) rawdata
               JOIN (select country_id summary_id, state_id id from states) mapping ON rawdata.id = mapping.id
      GROUP BY mapping.summary_id
     );

Recursive Query Lambdas

SQL provides a recursive (iterative and fixed-point) relational transformation via the CTE. This makes SQL Turing Complete.

A GIVEN clause may be used in conjunction with the WITH clause and turns a CTE into a (potentially recursive) query lambda.

The following recursive query lambda will generate a table of the first 50 integers counting from 1.

SELECT * FROM
(GIVEN(count(n))
 WITH 
     enumerate
        AS (
            SELECT 1 AS n 
            
            UNION ALL
            
            SELECT n + 1 FROM enumerate WHERE n < (SELECT n from count LIMIT 1) 
            )
SELECT n from enumerate)((SELECT 50 n));

This query lambda transpiles to SQL-99 as follows:

SELECT * FROM
(WITH enumerate
        AS (
            SELECT 1 AS n 
            
            UNION ALL
            
            SELECT n + 1 FROM enumerate WHERE n < (SELECT n from (SELECT 50 n) LIMIT 1) 
            )
SELECT n from enumerate);

Let’s now look at how query lambdas are the building blocks for query functions and pipelines.

Query Functions

SQL provides the VIEW mechanism to name queries, and the GIVEN clause causes VIEWs to become parameterised. Our example query lambdas may be turned into query functions summarise() and generate_series() as follows:

CREATE VIEW summarise(summary_id, amount) AS
    GIVEN (mapping(summary_id, id), rawdata(id, amount))
    SELECT mapping.summary_id, sum(rawdatea.amount) amount
    FROM rawdata rawdata
             JOIN mapping mapping ON rawdata.id = mapping.id
    GROUP BY mapping.summary_id;
)

and

CREATE VIEW generate_series(n) AS
    GIVEN(count(n))
    WITH enumerate
    AS (
      SELECT 1 AS n
      UNION ALL
      SELECT n + 1 FROM enumerate WHERE n < (SELECT n from count LIMIT 1)
    )
    SELECT n from enumerate;

The query function signature, or contract, is immediately visible in the first two lines of each!

The examples above include the declaration of the return table’s columns in brackets after the query function name. This is a feature of CTE’s backported to CREATE VIEW. In SQL-99 VIEWs must infer the returned columns from the provided SELECT.

Query Function Invocation

Just like regular VIEWs (and CTEs), query functions stand in a SELECT query in the place of a table. Query functions are invoked with the view_name followed by bracketed table, or subquery, parameters. Here is how we can invoke the query function summarise defined above.

SELECT *
from summarise((SELECT country_id summary_id, state_id id FROM states),
               (SELECT state_id id, population amount FROM population_by_states)
              );

And we can generate a table of 5 numbers starting with 1 with:

SELECT *
from generate_series((select 5 n));

Query Pipelines

Some data transformations may be usefully modelled as a staged pipeline of changes with each stage consuming the results of an earlier stage. Here is a simple pipeline diagram that illustrates our summarisation example modelled as a two stage transformation:

Building on the definitions of query functions and lambdas, a PIPES TO compound operator is proposed to allow functional programmers to express computations using a pipeline model.

Here is the PIPES TO operator used to express this two stage pipeline:

SELECT *
from ( (SELECT country_id summary_id, state_id id FROM states)
      PIPES TO
      summarise((SELECT state_id id, population amount FROM population_by_states) );

Notice that this invocation of summarise() has just one parameter. In this case the first parameter is provided by the PIPES TO compound operator.

Transpilation to SQL-99 is straight forward. The PIPES TO compound operator may be reduced to application of query functions, by moving the left-handed expression to be the first parameter of the right-hand expression, and thence to SQL-99 as shown above. Here is the PIPES TO reduced to query functions.

select *
from (SELECT *
      from summarise((SELECT country_id summary_id, state_id id FROM states),
                     (SELECT state_id id, population amount FROM population_by_states)
          )
     );

Discussion of costs and benefits

Adding a new feature to the SQL standard needs to have compelling benefits and manageable implementation costs.

Implementation costs

My high-level estimate is that the implementation costs are of O(costs of adding CTEs as part of SQL99). At this early stage in the lifecycle of query lambdas, functions, and pipelines there is much uncertainty, however here are a few factors that suggest that the implementation costs are manageable:

• "Not the first rodeo" – the GIVEN clause operates similarly to the WITH clause in that it shapes the visible tables in the following SELECT
• Equivalent to SQL-99 as demonstrated above, query lambdas, functions, and pipelines (just like VIEWs) are close to zero-cost abstractions. They may all be trivially reduced back to SQL-99 and made available to the query planner / optimiser to execute.
• Clean introduction of new capabilities no changes to any legacy code is required,
• Ergonomics overloading VIEWs with parameters is a natural extension and leverages user’s experience with built-in and CREATE FUNCTION functions.

Benefits

The benefits claimed for query lambdas, functions and pipelines are not novel. They are all consequences of bringing well understood functional programming patterns to the world of SQL queries. Here is a short sketch justifying the claimed benefits:

Separate transformation from data,

From the point of view of the development team, maintaining multiple hand-coded transformation queries is hard to justify. In SQL-99 the available mechanisms for abstracting transformations and reusing them (VIEWs and CTEs) work to the extent that at every invocation they are referring to exactly the same tables and columns. In SQL-99 every query is, at it’s base, hard coded to a global namespace of tables and columns. This means that there is no mechanism to cleanly separate the query transformation from the actual data that is being processed. Query lambdas, functions and pipelines provide precisely this capability for SQL.

Increase SQL use cases

By separating the data from transformations, SQL queries becomes more attractive to organisations to encode re-usable business rules which need to be applied to multiple data sets in multiple contexts.

Increase SQL code re-use

From the point of view of the broader SQL community, hand coding every solution means that there are no libraries of SQL transformations that can become a shared resource and built on. Query functions enable SQL query transformations to be defined once and used in a myriad of contexts. A good use case here would be providing a library of hierarchy handling query functions (ie recursive CTEs) which embody the graph theoretic algorithms which can be applied to any data.

Reduce situations where programmers need to cross the "impedance barrier" from pure functional code to use the procedural CREATE FUNCTION

For the developer, the necessity in SQL-99 to hand-code every transformation for each use-case motivates programmers to cross the impedance barrier to alternative technologies to reduce or eliminate code duplication. In addition, if a programmer wants to build or use a pre-packed solution then a procedural CREATE FUNCTION is the only currently available option.

Query lambdas, functions and pipelines lessen, or remove, these drivers for programmers.

Increase processing speed through full utilisation of the query planner/ optimiser,

The relational query planner/optimiser plays a crucial role in the functional nature of SQL. It is this part of the execution environment that enables:

• queries to be reordered and elided,
• materialised, indexed,
• lazily evaluated and/or
• parallelised.

In many cases the procedural code is not able to be optimised by the planner, leading to relatively poor performance.

The "Impedance barrier" between SQL queries and procedural code is not just a cognitive load for programmers, it is also a performance blockage on real world workloads. There is current research ongoing on how to convert procedural code back into CTEs so as to boost application performance.

Query lambdas, functions and pipelines enable programmers to stay within the purely function world of SQL queries which can be executed in an optimal way by the planner / optimiser.

Last word

In summary the proposed GIVEN clause develops the pure functional core of the SQL query, improves programmer ergonomics, and broadens the use-cases for SQL and promises improved application performance.